Properties of Fresh Concrete

Properties of Fresh Concrete
  • Author: Farhan Khan
  • Posted On: April 20, 2020
  • Updated On: July 16, 2023

Introduction

  • The potential strength and durability of concrete of a given mix proportion is very dependent on the degree of its compaction.
  • It is vital, therefore, that the consistency of the mix be such that the concrete can be transported, placed, and finished sufficiently early enough to attain the expected strength and durability

Significance

    • The first 48 hours are very important for the performance of the concrete structure.
    • It controls the long-term behavior, influence f’c (ultimate strength), Ec (elastic modulus), creep, and durability

Elasticity and Strength of Concrete

Properties at Early Ages

  • Workability
  • Slump Loss
  • Segregation/Bleeding
  • Plastic Shrinkage
  • Time of Set
  • Temperature

Workability

  • Definition: Effort required to manipulate a concrete mixture with a minimum of segregation.
  • It is not a fundamental property of concrete.
  1. consistency (slump) à  how easy to flow
  2. cohesiveness à  tendency to bleed and

Slump Test

  • The most important properties of fresh concrete are thus associated with its workability and consistency.
  • Most concrete must be compacted after it has been placed in the forms.

Slump Test

  • This term is defined in ASTM C 125 as the property determining the effort required to manipulate a freshly mixed quantity of concrete with minimum loss of homogeneity.
  • The term manipulate includes the operations of placing, compacting and finishing the concrete.
  • Neville and Brooks* define workability as the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce full
  • They note that the useful internal work is a physical property of the concrete alone, but they note there is additional energy required to overcome friction between the concrete and the formwork and the reinforcement as well as the energy required to vibrate the formwork, the reinforcement, and the concrete which has already been compacted.
  • Thus in practice, it is difficult to measure the workability as defined.

Slump Test

Stiffening and Setting

  • After completion of mixing, concrete gradually stiffens until it becomes rigid.
  • It is essential that it remain plastic long enough to permit being transported, placed, consolidated, and finished.

Setting and Hardening

Setting and Hardening of cement

The progress of setting and hardening in concrete

Initial Set: Loss of consistency, unworkable concrete (no less than 45 minutes – ASTM C 150)

Final Set:  Complete solidification (no more than 375 minutes)

Compacting Factor Tests

  • Although there is no generally accepted method of directly measuring workability, Neville and Brooks* point out that probably the best test yet available uses the inverse approach: e., the degree of compaction can be measured when a standard amount of work is applied to a standard quantity of concrete.
  • The degree of compaction, called the compacting factor, is measured by the density ration which is the ratio of the density actually achieved in the test to the density of the same concrete fully compacted.
  • These tests are covered in the United States under ACI 211.3, and in the UK by BS 1881: Part 103:

The Kelly Ball Test

  • Another method used in the field and laboratory to measure the consistency of concrete is the ball penetration test (ASTM C360) which is also known as the Kelly ball test*.
  • It is performed by measuring the penetration, in inches, of a 6-in. diameter steel cylinder with a hemispherically shaped bottom, weighing 30 lbs.
  • One of the advantages of the ball penetration test can be performed on the concrete in a hopper, buggy, wheelbarrow, or other suitable container.
  • Another advantage of this method is its simplicity and the rapidity with which the consistency of the concrete can be determined.
  • It is also not dependent on a procedure of filling and rodding a container like the slump test.

The Kelly Ball Test

Pressure Method

  • The most common method of measuring the air content of freshly mixed concrete is the “pressure method” (ASTM C231).
  • In this method, pressure is applied to a concrete sample placed into an air meter and the reduction in volume observed on a gage calibrated in terms of percent air.
  • The observed amount of air includes both the purposely entrained air as well as the entrapped air (about 1% by volume of concrete).

Pressure Method cement

Don’t Use More Water!

Consistency

  • Consistency or fluidity of concrete is an important component of workability and refers in a way to the wetness of the concrete.
  • However, it must not be assumed that the wetter the mix the more workable it is. If a mix is too wet, segregation may occur with resulting honeycomb, excessive bleeding, and sand streaking on the formed surfaces.
  • On the other hand, if a mix is too dry it may be difficult to place and compact, and segregation may occur because of lack of cohesiveness and plasticity of the paste.

Consistency or fluidity of concrete Consistency or fluidity of concrete Consistency or fluidity of concrete

Workability

  • In their textbook, Mehta and Monteiro* note that workability is a composite property, with at least two main components:
    1. Consistency which he describes as the “ease of flow” of the concrete, and
    2. Cohesiveness which he describes as the “tendency not to bleed or segregate”.
  • Some of the important factors that affect the workability of concrete are:
  • relative quantities of paste and aggregates,
  • plasticity of the paste itself,
  • maximum size and grading of aggregates, and
  • shape and surface characteristics of aggregate particles.
  • Each of these factors effect the components of workability, consistency and cohesiveness, in different ways.
  • None of the test methods proposed or in use today simultaneously measure all of the properties involved in workability.
  • In practice, the workability of a mix is judged by several properties including consistency, ease of conveying and placing, and lack of segregation or of excessive bleeding.
  • An experienced concrete technician can readily judge when fresh concrete has adequate workability for use in a given situation.
  • A concrete mix suitable for massive construction, g., of a bridge pier, would not have the required workability for placement in a heavily reinforced column.
  • Thus, a concrete mix should have the needed workability for its intended use. Also, it should not segregate nor bleed excessively.
  • Workability and consistency of fresh concrete are two closely related properties. Workability is that property of freshly mixed concrete which determines the ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed, transported, placed, compacted, and finished.
  • Workability is a property which depends on the specific conditions of placement; a concrete that is workable under some conditions may not be workable under some other conditions.
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Author: Farhan Khan

Farhan is a highly experienced civil engineer from the Southern side of Texas and has been associated with ConstructionHow since 2020. Over almost a decade, his wide span of expertise enabled him to bring forth his fair share of stories and experiences related to the most iconic engineering examples worldwide. He has also contributed to online and offline publications on requests. Engineering is his passion, which is why he chose to become part of our honorable team of industry experts looking to provide authentic and credible guidelines to the reader.

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