Air pollution Introduction Air pollution refers to the change in the composition of the atmosphere by gases or other material released from Earth’s ...
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SLUDGE TREATMENT Sludge Sludge refers to the residual, semi solid material left from industrial wastewater or sewage treatment processes. Satisfactory...
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List of Appurtenances Manholes Clean out Street inlet Flushing tanks Grease & Oil traps Storm water regulator (Inverted) siphons Pumping stations ...
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Solid Waste Management Solid Waste Solid wastes are the organic and inorganic waste materials such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, c...
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Water Supply and Distribution Introduction After having treated raw water in water and wastewater treatment plants, the last and final stage of water ...
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Wastewater Treatment Composition of untreated domestic wastewater Constituent Abbreviation Concentration (mg/L) Biological oxygen demand BOD 100 – 3...
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Water Treatment Complete Process Since the early 1900’s sanitary engineers have been working in the United States to reduce waterborne diseases. In ...
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Water pollutants Water that has been withdrawn, used and then returned will be polluted in one way or another. Agricultural return water contains pest...
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There are many types of surveying and compass surveying is one of them and plays an important part. We can define it as a type of surveying in which d...
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Measuring distance with the help of chain is the most common and accurate method. In this method, the horizontal or linear distances are measured with...
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